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The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic

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the General Rights to Public Access of the wilderness

Fi:

Jokamiehen oikeudet

No:

Allemansretten

Sw:

Allemansrätten

The "Everyman's Rights" give us a lot of freedom - and at the same time the responsibility for protecting the land and environment also when it is someone else's property.

Fredrik Östman writes:
You may pass on foot through forests and across farms but not fields and not military areas. You may not pass fences unless there is a gate that is not locked. In forests you may pick flowers (except some protected species and locations), berries, mushrooms and fallen branches. You may not pass gardens, at least not where the house can be seen or when there is a fence (even if it is open). You may not interfere with any economic activity exercised by the owner of the land. You may stay one night in a tent in an inconspicuous place (not garden) if you don't leave a single trace. You may not use houses, jetties, sheds etc.

You may not, you may absolutely not, make up fire directly on cliffs or move rocks around, specifically not the rocks that have been placed there by an ancient culture, nor hunt, nor steal eggs. These four latter activities seem to be favourites of our good friends the Germans.

The main rule is that one can walk, ski or cycle everywhere as long as nothing is harmed and nobody disturbed. Then, there are refinements and exceptions to this, of course.

How close to houses can one dare to come? No definite rule exists, but in Sweden it's often said that the privacy area around a dwelling is to be understood as at least 200 meters (in Norway 150 meters). This does of course depend on the landscape and other conditions. An alternative wording of the rule is that if you hear or see other people, then you are too close to them. :-)

The historic background was the great uninhabited forests around the Nordic villages. These weren't anyone's property, but were seen as a common good to which not only the inhabitants in the nearest village had access, but instead also travelers, who had the right to collect what one need for survival en tour through the sparsely populated country. The tradition dates back to Viking time, or longer, including the right to take grass for horses and timber for reparations of carriages, as regulated in medieval laws. (Today the Rights of Public Access are one of few examples of unwritten laws in the Nordic countries, i.e. there is no law about the rights, but instead about the restrictions.)

The rules are not exactly identical in Norway, Sweden and Finland, but in practice the following should apply to all three countries:

• The general right to public access gives the right to move in the woods, on the waters and in the open landscape. Organised tours and bigger groups must ask for permission.

• You may pick most wild berries, mushrooms and some kinds of flowers. Other are protected by law, as for instance cloudberries.

• You can swim or go boating in lakes and rivers. You can take water for your own need from springs, lakes and rivers.

• National parks and other protected areas have certain rules. Some islands have restricted access in the spring to protect nesting birds. Admission to military areas is restricted - particularly for aliens.

• Rare and endangered flowers and plants may not be damaged or moved (not even moss). Trees should not at all be harmed or cut down.

• Enclosed areas may be crossed, as long as you close the gates carefully, but remember that there probably is a reason for the gate. It's no good to wake up in the early morning discovering a dozen of bulls around the tent.

• Motor vehicles may not be driven outside of common roads. Motor boats are not allowed everywhere.

• Horseriding is allowed, provided no damage is caused. Do not ride in tracks for hiking or skiing.

• Hunting and fishing require permission. You pay a statutory fee to the state for fishing with a hook and line, and you should be able to show the receipe. Children do not allways have to pay fishing fees.

• The Allemansret applies to the countryside, not to villages, towns or close to settlements and private houses. The Norwegian term utmark carries the meaning quite well: All areas except cultivated and planted areas, farm yards and home sites.

• Camping for one night is permitted if it doesn't disturb the residents on a property. Beaches are not for tenting. It's usual to park one's caravan or trailer close to the public road when sleeping, but you should not stay more than 24 hours at the same spot. In Finland there is less of a time limit and more of an emphasis on not intruding in other peoples privacy.

• Camp fires are basically prohibited in Finland (except in emergency situations) and depending on the time of the year, drowth and other conditions often in Sweden and Norway also. In Norway campfires on the ground are strictly prohibited from April 15th to September 15th, except above the treeline. Fires must not be made directly on the rocks - they fracture easily! For fires you can collect dead twigs and fallen branches.

• Animals in their nests must not be disturbed. Dogs may never be let loose in the summer half year.

• Litter may of course not be left or dumped in waters or in the nature. Take the litter back to town again.

• Land that could take damage by your visit, as cultivated land and fields, are to be circumvented - as are gardens at houses. In the winters, however, fields might be the most appropriate route if you are skiing.

Denmark

There are special laws regarding the coast and beaches: every piece of land between the low-water mark and the 20 meters upwards from the high-water mark is state owned and open to the public. (the exemption being some nature reserves that are totally closed to the public).
With regard to fishing and hunting the coasts are again special: You don't need to ask the owner (i.e. the state) to fish or hunt there.)

Any piece of drift-wood, stranded whales, beached ships or other kind of flotsam belongs to the crown and it is theft to take such materials. These are normally collected by the "strandfoged" or beach-warden who will auction it away - and the funds raised go to the crown.

In addition, one should add that there are no longer any "natural" nature left in Denmark; all types of forest, moor and so on are a product of human activity. This leads to the paradoxal effect that many types of "wild" nature in Denmark have to be managed heavily in order to preserve them.

In summary: in Denmark you are allowed to walk everywhere on public land, but not to camp there outside the public camping areas. And with regard to the coasts the laws are very similar to the "allemandsret". That is not so surprising since the coasts are the only wild areas left in Denmark.

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