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The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic

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2.5.3 Where did the Vikings go?

The Danes dominated

• England between York and London (Danelagen),
• Normandie,
• Holland
• and the southern coast of the Baltic sea between Jutland and Gdansk with Stettin/Szczecin (Jomsborg) as the main port to the continent.
• trade contacts with the Mediterian area - both indirect over the continent and direct through the Gibraltar.

  The Norwegians travelled to

• Iceland,
• the Faroe Islands,
• Ireland,
• Scotland
• and Wales.
• Like also the Danes they kept trade contacts with the cities of the Mediterian Sea.

  The Svear went to what today is Russia (Gårdarike):

• via the seas Ladoga and Onega to the river Volga and all the way over the Caspic Sea to the flourishing Islam Persia.
• via Riga and the river Dvina/Düna to Smolensk.
• via Petersburg and the rivers Neva and Volkhov to Novgorod (Holmgård).
• from Novgorod and Smolensk they followed the river Volga to Kiev (Könugård) and further over the Black Sea to Istanbul (Micklagård) in the Byzantian Empire where the first written source reports Varangians in the Emperor's guard year 837.

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The main directions for Viking voyages

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2.5.3b Place names in Old Norse

Vendland       Pommerania
Jomsborg       Stettin
	       
Haithabu       Hedeby  (near Slesvig)
	       
Saxland        between Rhine & Elbe
Dorestad       Utrecht
Bretland       Britanic islands
	       
Valland        Flanders
Norva sund     Strait of Gibraltar 
Sikelø         Sicily
	       
Särkland       Persia
Miklagård      Istanbul
	       
Gårdarike      between Volga & Black Sea
Könugård       Kijev
Holmgård       Novgorod

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2.5.4 What about those horned Viking helmets?

The idea has its roots in the art of the Romantic period -- first half of the 19th century -- when the artists started to introduce native myths and legends in painting and sculpture instead of Greco-Roman ones. But since archaeology as a science didn't really even exist yet, they had a very poor idea of what sort of equipment the heroes of the sagas had used. So they used their creative imagination. Later, despite the fact that we now know we now know better, the myth has been further popularized by Hollywood movies and comics such as Hagar the Horrible, and nowadays a "Viking" is almost by definition "someone who wears a pair of horns in his head".

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